Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to a substance that is normally harmless, such as pollen, pet dander, or certain foods. These substances, known as allergens, trigger an allergic reaction that can range from mild symptoms like sneezing, itching, and rashes to severe reactions like anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening condition. Common allergens include airborne particles, food, insect stings, and medications.When an allergic reaction occurs, the immune system mistakenly identifies the allergen as a threat and produces antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies cause the release of chemicals, such as histamine, which leads to inflammation and typical allergy symptoms. Environmental factors, genetics, and underlying conditions, such as asthma or eczema, can increase the likelihood of developing allergies.Diagnosis involves identifying specific allergens through tests like skin prick tests or blood tests. Once identified, treatment usually focuses on avoiding allergens, using antihistamines, decongestants, or corticosteroids to manage symptoms, and in severe cases, administering epinephrine during anaphylactic reactions. Allergy immunotherapy, or allergy shots, may be recommended for long-term treatment, gradually desensitizing the immune system to specific allergens.Lifestyle modifications, such as using air purifiers, frequent cleaning to reduce dust mites, and dietary changes for food allergies, can help manage the condition. By recognizing triggers and having a treatment plan, individuals with allergies can lead healthy lives, minimizing the impact of allergic reactions.
